As we go about our daily lives, many of us take for granted the simple act of wearing gloves to protect our hands from harsh chemicals, dirt, and other substances. But for some individuals, wearing gloves can lead to a painful and debilitating skin condition known as contact dermatitis. In this blog post, we’ll delve into the world of contact dermatitis, specifically focusing on nitrile gloves and the risks associated with them.
What is Contact Dermatitis?
Contact dermatitis is an eczematous skin reaction that occurs when the skin comes into direct contact with a causative agent. It’s the most common type of occupational skin disease, affecting millions of people worldwide. There are two main types of contact dermatitis: allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis, which can occur separately or in combination.
What is Nitrile and What is it Used For?
Nitrile is an organic compound commonly used to produce nitrile rubber, a synthetic rubber copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene. Nitrile rubber is used in the production of latex-free gloves, transmission belts, seals, and hoses. Additionally, nitrile is used in the production of insecticides and as a raw material for synthetic fibers and resins.
Who Gets Contact Dermatitis to Nitrile?
Allergic contact dermatitis to nitrile is most likely to affect individuals who wear disposable nitrile rubber gloves, particularly those who have chosen latex-free gloves due to a latex allergy. Healthcare workers, hairdressers, and food handlers are among the most commonly affected professions. Rarely, contact dermatitis may also affect people working in the automotive and aeronautical industry or in industrial factories producing synthetic fibers or insecticides.
What Causes Contact Dermatitis to Nitrile?
Allergic contact dermatitis to nitrile is usually caused by an allergy to rubber accelerators used in the manufacturing process, such as thiurams, dithiocarbamates, and mercaptobenzothiazole. Hypersensitivity may also be due to acrylonitrile, although this is extremely rare. Acrylonitrile is a potent toxin and sensitizer that can easily penetrate the skin, causing an irritant contact dermatitis.
Clinical Features of Contact Dermatitis to Nitrile
Allergic contact dermatitis presents as a pruritic, erythematous, scaly rash on the areas of skin contact. The rash can extend to involve distant sites, while irritant contact dermatitis is usually confined to the site of contact. Transient paraesthesia has also been reported, thought to be due to acrylonitrile.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Contact Dermatitis to Nitrile
Diagnosis involves taking a detailed clinical history and examining the patient carefully. It is important to include the local baseline series and rubber accelerators in patch testing. Treatment involves avoiding exposure to nitrile and topical medical treatment. Avoiding nitrile exposure requires the use of disposable nitrile accelerator-free gloves.
In the rare case of an allergy to acrylonitrile, butyl rubber gloves may be considered as an alternative for mechanics and factory workers. Barrier creams have not been found to protect sufficiently against acrylonitrile penetration and are not recommended.
Outcome of Contact Dermatitis to Nitrile
The prognosis after diagnosis of contact dermatitis to nitrile is dependent on patient education and avoidance of the allergen. Approximately 10-15% of people with occupational contact dermatitis continue to experience dermatitis with no obvious cause.
In conclusion, contact dermatitis to nitrile is a serious condition that can have a significant impact on an individual’s quality of life. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options, we can take steps to prevent and manage this condition. If you suspect you may be experiencing contact dermatitis to nitrile, consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.